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Sanskrit Text is Devanagari font specially targeting the typesetting of Sanskrit texts in a traditional style. The design of Sanskrit Text is based on Monotype Devanagari, a type initially manufactured for hot metal typesetting technologies back in s, but has been thoroughly revised and expanded by John Hudson and Fiona Ross Tiro Typeworks. Letter shapes have been made more stylistically and proportionally consistent, and the glyph set supports more than consonant conjunct sequences attested in Sanskrit texts.
The glyph set specification was prepared with advice from Anshuman Pandey, and is based on both existing catalogues as well as new analysis of specific Vedic and literary texts. Sanskrit Text is one of the first fonts to incorporate support for the Unicode encoding of Vedic symbols and marks.
These characters are essential for correct representation of the various early Hindu religious texts known collectively as the Vedas. This means that the Sanskrit Text font may be used for literary, scientific, and also religious Sanskrit texts. Fonts like Adobe Devanagari. Adobe Devanagari font pairings. Type Designers. Adobe Originals. Licensing Information. The full Adobe Fonts library is cleared for both personal and commercial use.
Website Publishing Create a Web Project to add any font from our service to your website. Video and Broadcast Use fonts to create in-house or commercial video content. Visit Adobe Originals to purchase additional licensing and services, including:. This feature substitutes the below-base forms of Consonants like the Ra in Devanagari aka 'rakaar' when the rakaar does not form a ligature with the preceding consonant.
If the rakaar and preceding consonant do form a ligature, it should be substituted in the previous feature 'rkrf'. Halant plus Ra preceded by a consonant which does not form a 'rkrf' ligature substitutes the rakaar form:. Applying this feature substitutes half forms - forms of consonants used in the pre-base position. Consonants that have a half form should be listed in the 'half' feature. Devanagari has distinctly shaped half forms for most of the consonants as well as nukta and Akhand glyphs.
Note - the result of listing a consonant in the half feature whether it has a true half form or not will affect the re-ordering and positioning of the reph and pre-pended matras. See illustration in the Introduction section of this document. Example 1 - Half feature substitutes half form of Ka:. Example 2 - Half feature applied to multiple consonants:. Example 3 - Half feature used to substitute half form of Ta-Nukta:.
Example 4 - Half form of Akhand ligature KaSsa :. Example 5 - Half feature applied to Da, produces 'halant' form of Da since it has no distinct half form shape: remember listing the Da in the half feature will cause it to behave like a half form for purposes of re-ordering.
The 'vatu' feature can be used to substitute a ligature of a full or half form consonant plus a below-base vattu rakaar mark. This feature was needed in earlier implementations to combine rakaar with both full and half forms It is not useful, however, for newer implementations that distinguish consonants that do not have half forms from other consonants, for purposes of re-ordering the reph and pre-pended matras. In Devanagari, this feature is not required if the 'rkrf' feature is used, however it is still supported for backward compatibility with existing fonts.
Example; the 'vatu' feature used in earlier implementations of the shaping engine to substitute a ligature of consonant full or half form plus vattu rakaar , which now should be created using the 'rkrf' and 'half' features.
Apply feature 'cjct' to substitute conjunct forms where the first consonant in the consonant-cluster pair does not have a half form. This feature allows for control over re-ordering of reph and pre-pended matras in case of consonants that do not take half forms yet do form conjunct ligatures in combination with certain following consonants. After the glyphs have been reordered, the presentation lookups are applied to provide the best typographic rendering of the text.
The features of the presentation forms are applied to the entire cluster simultaneously, executing lookups within each feature in the order that they are specified in the font. The pres, abvs, blws, psts and haln features are all mandatory for software implementations: they are required for correct script behaviour and none should ever be treated as discretionary.
Because of this and because they are all applied simultaneously over entire clusters, they are not functionally different: a set of lookups could be divided between these features or grouped together under one of them with no difference in effect.
These multiple features are provided, however, as an aid to the font developer for organizing lookups based on the combinations of glyphs they apply to. There are no specific requirements on how each should be used; the examples provided below illustrate typical usage, however.
This feature is used to substitute pre-base consonant conjuncts made with half forms, the type most common in Devanagari. The resulting conjunct can be in full or half form. See examples This feature is also used to select typographically correct forms of the I-Matra. For example, a font can have several versions of the I-Matra to be used in context with different consonant bases or clusters.
In addition the 'pres' feature can contain pre-composed ligatures of the I-matra with certain bases. Example 5 - The 'pres' feature is also used to substitute variations of the I-Matra based on context:. Note; in this example 'glyph groups' listing consonants with similar widths, have been used for substitution context. This feature is used for glyph substitutions involving above-base marks. Such substitutions might be used to select contextual forms of marks, to create mark-mark ligatures, or to create mark-base ligatures.
Specific context-dependent forms or below-base consonants are handled by this lookup as well. Example 1- contextual 'abvs' substitution; used to select smaller candrabindu, when preceded by vowel short E. Note- the positioning of the ligature matra is done in the 'abvm' feature:. This feature is used for glyph substitutions involving below-base marks or consonants. Such substitutions can be used to create conjuncts of base glyphs with below-base consonants, below mark ligatures or below mark-base ligatures.
Specific context-dependent forms are handled by this lookup as well. Example 3- 'blws' substitution used to create below-mark to base conjunct:. This feature is used to substitute post-base consonants or matras. Such substitutions can be used to create conjuncts of base glyphs with post-base consonants or post-base matra ligatures.
It can also be used to specify contextual alternates of post-base forms. Example 1- contextual 'psts' substitution; used to select alternate form of vowel Ii, when preceded by a Ka.
Example 2 - contextual 'psts' substitution; Using MS Volt, different shapes of the vowel Ii are substituted based on the context. Note; in this example 'glyph groups' with similar widths are used for the context:. This feature is used to substitute a pre-composed halant form of a base or conjunct base glyph in syllables ending with a halant.
Rather than using substitution, halant forms can also be created by positioning the halant as a below-base mark on the base glyph using the 'blwm' positioning feature. This feature is applied only on the base glyph if the syllable ends with a halant, or in the case of non-final consonants that do not take a half form and do not form a conjunct ligature with the following consonant.
Example 1 - 'haln' feature used to substitute halant form of base glyph:. Example 2 - 'haln' feature used to substitute halant form of conjunct base glyph:. Unlike the previous presentation lookups, the 'calt' feature is optional and is used to substitute discretionary contextual alternates. It is important to note that an application may allow users to turn off this feature, therefore should not be used for any obligatory Devanagari typography.
This feature covers positioning lookups that adjust distances between glyphs, such as kerning between pre- and post-base elements and the base glyph. Note; the feature 'dist' can be used in the same way as the 'kern' feature. The advantage of using the 'dist' feature is that it does not rely on the application to enable kerning. This feature positions all above-base marks on the base glyph or the post-base matra.
The best method for encoding this feature in an OpenType font is to use a chaining context positioning lookup that triggers mark-to-base and mark-to-mark attachments for above-base marks.
The 'abvm' lookup in MS Volt using 'Anchor Attachment' for adjusting positions of above-marks over bases:.
The 'abvm' lookup in MS Volt using 'Pair Adjustment' for adjusting positions of above-marks with post-base vowel:. This feature positions all below-base marks on the base glyph.
The best method for encoding this feature in an OpenType font is to use a chaining context positioning lookup that triggers mark-to-base and mark-to-mark attachments for below-base marks. The 'blwm' lookup in MS Volt using 'Anchor Attachment' for adjusting positions of below-marks with bases:. The 'blwm' lookup in MS Volt using 'Anchor Attachment' can also be used for adjusting positions of below-marks with other below-marks. Complex Devanagari syllable formation is possible using the wide range of features available in OpenType.
The following examples show how the shaping engine applies the OpenType features, one at a time to the input string. These combinations do not necessarily represent actual syllables or words, but are meant to illustrate the various OpenType features in a Devanagari font. Example 1: Input text string and resulting display as OT features are applied.
Example 2: Input text string and resulting display as OT features are applied. Example 3: Input text string and resulting display as OT features are applied. Example 4: Input text string and resulting display as OT features are applied. Example 5: Input text string and resulting display as OT features are applied. Features are encoded according to both a designated script and language system.
There are different language systems defined for the Hindi, Sanskrit, and Marathi languages, although they all use the Devanagari script.
Currently most shaping engine implementations only support the "default" language system for each script. However, font developers may want to build language specific features which are supported in other applications and will be supported in future Microsoft OpenType implementations.
NOTE: It is strongly recommended to include the "dflt" language tag in all OpenType fonts because it defines the basic script handling for a font. The "dflt" language system is used as the default if no other language specific features are defined, or if the application does not support that particular language. If the "dflt" tag is not present for the script being used, the font may not work in some applications.
The following table lists the registered tag names for script and language systems. Note for new Indic shaping implementation 'dev2' is used old-behavior implementations used 'deva'. Note: both the script and language tags are case sensitive script tags should be lowercase, language tags are all caps and must contain four characters ie.
It is provided for illustration only, and may not be altered or redistributed. MANGAL contains layout information and glyphs to support all of the required features for the scripts and languages supported. Many shaped glyph forms such as ligatures have no Unicode encoding. These glyphs have id's in the font, and applications can access these glyphs by "running" the layout features which depend on these glyphs.
An application can also identify non-Unicode glyphs contained in the font by traversing the OpenType layout tables, or using the layout services for purely informational purposes. The font is available as part of the VOLT supplemental files.
Once you install VOLT you need to run a separate installer to get the supplemental files. Both installers are part of the VOLT download package. Skip to main content.
This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Table of contents Exit focus mode. Table of contents. The stages are: Analyze the text sequence; breaking it into syllable clusters Reorder the characters as necessary Apply OpenType GSUB font features to get the correct glyph shape Apply OpenType GPOS features to position glyphs or marks The descriptions which follow will help font developers understand the rationale for the Devanagri feature encoding model and help application developers better understand how layout clients can divide responsibilities with operating system functions.
Analyze the text Character properties The shaping engine divides the text into syllable clusters and identifies character properties. Retrieving dynamic character properties from Indic fonts Fonts define dynamic properties for consonants through implementing standard features. Indic input processing The following steps should be repeated while there are characters left in the input sequence. Indic clusters are subject to the following constraints: Only one reph is allowed per syllable.
Only one pre-base reordering Ra is allowed per syllable. A nukta can be placed on a consonant, matra or independent vowel. It cannot be placed on a pre-composed nukta character. One matra from each positioning class is permitted exception in the Kannada script.
A composite matra is treated as belonging to all the classes from which its components belong. One syllable modifier sign is allowed per cluster. Vedic signs are combining marks used for Sanskrit that should be included in all Indic scripts. Danda and Double Danda are punctuation marks that should be included in all Indic scripts. Reorder characters Once the Indic shaping engine has analyzed the cluster as described above, it creates and manages a buffer of appropriately reordered elements glyphs representing the cluster, according to several rules described below.
Find base consonant: The shaping engine finds the base consonant of the syllable, using the following algorithm: starting from the end of the syllable, move backwards until a consonant is found that does not have a below-base or post-base form post-base forms have to follow below-base forms , or that is not a pre-base reordering Ra, or arrive at the first consonant.
The consonant stopped at will be the base. Decompose and reorder Matras: Each matra and any syllable modifier sign in the cluster are moved to the appropriate position relative to the consonant s in the cluster. The shaping engine decomposes two- or three-part matras into their constituent parts before any repositioning.
Matra characters are classified by which consonant in a conjunct they have affinity for and are reordered to the following positions: Before first half form in the syllable After subjoined consonants After post-form consonant After main consonant for above marks Reorder marks to canonical order: Adjacent nukta and halant or nukta and vedic sign are always repositioned if necessary, so that the nukta is first.
Final reordering: After the localized forms and basic shaping forms GSUB features have been applied see below , the shaping engine performs some final glyph reordering before applying all the remaining font features to the entire cluster.
Reorder matras: If a pre-base matra character had been reordered before applying basic features, the glyph can be moved closer to the main consonant based on whether half-forms had been formed. However, it will be reordered according to the basic-forms shaping results.
Possible positions for reph, depending on the script, are; after main, before post-base consonant forms, and after post-base consonant forms.
If reph should be positioned after post-base consonant forms, proceed to step 'e'. If the reph repositioning class is not after post-base: target position is after the first explicit halant glyph between the first post-reph consonant and last main consonant.
If such position is found, this is the target position. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
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